Soldiers received revolutionary newspapers and sang revolutionary songs, exalting the citizen-soldier as the model sansculotte (the more militant supporters of the movement). Jacobin military prosecutors enforced the laws against insubordination and desertion but took great pains to explain them to the soldiers and to make allowances for momentary weakness in deciding cases. The republic insisted that officers be respectful toward their men and share their privations. Both noncommissioned and commissioned officers were chosen by a combination of election and appointment, in which seniority received some consideration but demonstrated talent on the battlefield brought the most rapid promotion. Within the constraints of military discipline, the army became a model of democratic practice. The citizen-soldiers risking their lives at the front had to be supported by all means back home, including forced loans on the rich and punitive vigilance against those suspected of disloyalty. This huge popular mobilization reinforced the revolution’s militant spirit. Finally, in August 1793 it decreed the levée en masse.ĭespite massive draft evasion and desertion, within a year almost three-quarters of a million men were under arms, the citizen-soldiers having been merged with line-army troops in new units called demibrigades. In March 1793 the National Convention called for an additional 300,000 soldiers, setting quotas to be provided by each département. One-year volunteers bolstered the line army after the outbreak of war with Austria in 1792, the beginning of hostilities between France and one or more European powers. In 1790 the National Assembly had opted for a small military of long-term professionals. The army was a primary focal point of this democratic impetus. The rhetoric and symbolism of democracy constituted a new civic pedagogy, which was matched by bold egalitarian policies. In mid-1793 the Jacobins came to power, and their dictatorship was an unstable blend of exalted patriotism, resolute political leadership, ideological fanaticism, and populist initiatives. In 1787 France became the centre of a revolutionary movement that led to the overthrow of the ancien régime two years later. It was first decreed during the French Revolutionary wars (1792–99) in 1793, when all able-bodied unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to enlist. Levée en masse, a French policy for military conscription. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.
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